Activation of the immune system can be associated with many off-target manifestations.

Current efforts are focused on better identifying patients at high risk for Barrett esophagus as candidates for endoscopic screening and developing less invasive and cheaper detection methods.

Reserve the test for scenarios where a plasma cell disorder is clinically suspected, and interpret mild elevations through the lenses of the kappa:lambda ratio and patient context.

Secondary headache disorders such as neoplasm or infection are more often suspected than detected, but neuroimaging is warranted when red-flag features are present.