Barrett esophagus: Definition, treatment
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* Shih-Wei Lai

**To the Editor**: In a well-written and informative article in the November 2019 issue, Singh et al reviewed the current management of Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.1 Here, I would like to discuss some concepts not addressed in their article.

First, the broad definition of Barrett esophagus is that metaplastic columnar epithelium replaces normal stratified squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus.2 The broad definition is different from the traditional definition, which requires the presence of intestinal metaplasia and goblet cells. If we use the broad definition, more patients will match the diagnosis of Barrett esophagus and will have a chance to receive appropriate treatment and endoscopic surveillance to prevent esophageal dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.

Second, the American Gastroenterological Association3 recommends that patients with Barrett esophagus receive a proton pump inhibitor once daily, but does not mention what duration of proton pump inhibitor therapy is needed. Based on the findings of available studies, continuous use of proton pump inhibitors for 1 year or longer is needed for patients with Barrett esophagus to prevent esophageal dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.4

Third, a cohort study revealed that statin use after the diagnosis of esophageal cancer was associated with a lower risk of esophageal cancer death than nonuse (hazard ratio for adenocarcinoma 0.79; 95% confidence interval 0.71–0.98).5 Studies have shown that statins might have biologic effects on cancer and thus on outcomes, but the effects depend on the cancer cell type and on the statin used, with different agents having various antitumor potential.6 These findings indicate a direction for research into chemoprevention of esophageal cancer. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the association between statin use and the risk of esophageal cancer death.

*   Copyright © 2020 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. All Rights Reserved.

## REFERENCES

1.  Singh T, Sanghi V, Thota PN. Current management of Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cleve Clin J Med 2019; 86(11):724–732. doi:10.3949/ccjm.86a.18106
    
    [Abstract/FREE Full Text](http://www.ccjm.org/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NToiY2Nqb20iO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiODYvMTEvNzI0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjE6Ii9jY2pvbS84Ny8yLzc1LjEuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9) 

2.  Mohy-Ud-Din N, Krill TS, Shah AR, et al. Barrett’s esophagus: what do we need to know? Dis Mon 2019:100850. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2019.02.003
    
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3.  Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, Gerson LB; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111(1):30–50. doi:10.1038/ajg.2015.322
    
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5.  Nguyen T, Khan A, Liu Y, El-Serag HB, Thrift AP. The association between statin use after diagnosis and mortality risk in patients with esophageal cancer: a retrospective cohort study of United States veterans. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113(9):1310–1318. doi:10.1038/s41395-018-0169-6
    
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6.  Sopkova J, Vidomanova E, Strnadel J, Skovierova H, Halasova E. The role of statins as therapeutic agents in cancer. Gen Physiol Biophys 2017; 36(5):501–511. doi:10.4149/gpb_2017045
    
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