PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Benita Tjoe
AU  - Lili Barsky
AU  - Janet Wei
AU  - Bruce Samuels
AU  - Babak Azarbal
AU  - C. Noel Bairey Merz
AU  - Chrisandra Shufelt
TI  - Coronary microvascular dysfunction: Considerations for diagnosis and treatment
AID  - 10.3949/ccjm.88a.20140
DP  - 2021 Oct 01
TA  - Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
PG  - 561--571
VI  - 88
IP  - 10
4099  - http://www.ccjm.org/content/88/10/561.short
4100  - http://www.ccjm.org/content/88/10/561.full
SO  - Cleve Clin J Med2021 Oct 01; 88
AB  - Ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) is an increasingly recognized cause of angina, and it is more commonly diagnosed in women. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), or the abnormal dilation and constriction of the small vessels of the heart, is the underlying cause of INOCA in one-half of cases. This review discusses coronary microvascular pathophysiology, considerations for invasive coronary function testing and noninvasive diagnostic modalities, implications for management, and remaining knowledge gaps.