PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Tjoe, Benita AU - Barsky, Lili AU - Wei, Janet AU - Samuels, Bruce AU - Azarbal, Babak AU - Merz, C. Noel Bairey AU - Shufelt, Chrisandra TI - Coronary microvascular dysfunction: Considerations for diagnosis and treatment AID - 10.3949/ccjm.88a.20140 DP - 2021 Oct 01 TA - Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine PG - 561--571 VI - 88 IP - 10 4099 - http://www.ccjm.org/content/88/10/561.short 4100 - http://www.ccjm.org/content/88/10/561.full SO - Cleve Clin J Med2021 Oct 01; 88 AB - Ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) is an increasingly recognized cause of angina, and it is more commonly diagnosed in women. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), or the abnormal dilation and constriction of the small vessels of the heart, is the underlying cause of INOCA in one-half of cases. This review discusses coronary microvascular pathophysiology, considerations for invasive coronary function testing and noninvasive diagnostic modalities, implications for management, and remaining knowledge gaps.