TY - JOUR T1 - Coronary microvascular dysfunction: Considerations for diagnosis and treatment JF - Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine JO - Cleve Clin J Med SP - 561 LP - 571 DO - 10.3949/ccjm.88a.20140 VL - 88 IS - 10 AU - Benita Tjoe AU - Lili Barsky AU - Janet Wei AU - Bruce Samuels AU - Babak Azarbal AU - C. Noel Bairey Merz AU - Chrisandra Shufelt Y1 - 2021/10/01 UR - http://www.ccjm.org/content/88/10/561.abstract N2 - Ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) is an increasingly recognized cause of angina, and it is more commonly diagnosed in women. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), or the abnormal dilation and constriction of the small vessels of the heart, is the underlying cause of INOCA in one-half of cases. This review discusses coronary microvascular pathophysiology, considerations for invasive coronary function testing and noninvasive diagnostic modalities, implications for management, and remaining knowledge gaps. ER -