RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Chronic venous outflow obstruction: An important cause of chronic venous disease
JF Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
JO Cleve Clin J Med
FD Cleveland Clinic
SP 680
OP 688
DO 10.3949/ccjm.88a.21068
VO 88
IS 12
A1 Matthew Harris
A1 Chung Sim Lim
YR 2021
UL http://www.ccjm.org/content/88/12/680.abstract
AB Chronic venous outflow obstruction is a significant cause of chronic venous disease and therefore chronic morbidity. When conservative measures fail, intervention through deep venous reconstructive techniques should be considered. Referral should be considered in all patients with features of chronic venous disease that are life-affecting. Imaging relies primarily on duplex ultrasonography, supplemented by computed tomographic and magnetic resonance venography, and intraoperatively by intravascular ultrasonography. Intervention is primary endovenous, using angioplasty and stenting. Open surgical procedures are used in very select patients.