@article {Knowles336, author = {Charles H. Knowles and Richard C. Cohen}, title = {Chronic anal pain: A review of causes, diagnosis, and treatment}, volume = {89}, number = {6}, pages = {336--343}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.3949/ccjm.89a.21102}, publisher = {Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine}, abstract = {Chronic anal pain is difficult to diagnose and treat, especially with no obvious anorectal cause apparent on clinical examination. This review identifies 3 main diagnostic categories for chronic anal pain: local causes, functional anorectal pain, and neuropathic pain syndromes. Conditions covered within these categories include proctalgia fugax, levator ani syndrome, pudendal neuralgia, and coccygodynia. The signs, symptoms, relevant diagnostic tests, and main treatments for each condition are reviewed.}, issn = {0891-1150}, URL = {https://www.ccjm.org/content/89/6/336}, eprint = {https://www.ccjm.org/content/89/6/336.full.pdf}, journal = {Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine} }