PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Shpargel, Karl B.
AU  - Jalabi, Walid
AU  - Jin, Yongming
AU  - Dadabayev, Alisher
AU  - Penn, Marc S.
AU  - Trapp, Bruce D.
TI  - Preconditioning paradigms and pathways in the brain
DP  - 2008 Mar 01
TA  - Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
PG  - S77--S82
VI  - 75
IP  - 3 suppl 2
4099  - http://www.ccjm.org/content/75/3_suppl_2/S77.short
4100  - http://www.ccjm.org/content/75/3_suppl_2/S77.full
SO  - Cleve Clin J Med2008 Mar 01; 75
AB  - Preconditioning is a phenomenon in which the brain protects itself against future injury by adapting to low doses of noxious insults. Preconditioning stimuli include ischemia, low doses of endotoxin, hypoxia, hypothermia and hyperthermia, cortical spreading depression, anesthetics, and 3-nitropropionic acid, among others. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying preconditioning has been elusive, but NMDA receptor activation, nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines, and suppression of the innate immune system appear to have a role. Elucidation of the endogenous cell survival pathways involved in preconditioning has significant clinical implications for preventing neuronal damage in susceptible patients.