PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Lee, Pyng
AU  - Gildea, Thomas R.
AU  - Stoller, James K.
TI  - Emphysema in nonsmokers: Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes
DP  - 2002 Dec 01
TA  - Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
PG  - 928--946
VI  - 69
IP  - 12
4099  - http://www.ccjm.org/content/69/12/928.short
4100  - http://www.ccjm.org/content/69/12/928.full
SO  - Cleve Clin J Med2002 Dec 01; 69
AB  - Nonsmokers with signs of emphysema at an earlier age than is typical for emphysema deserve a workup for one of the less common causes of emphysema, which include alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, connective tissue diseases, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, intravenous drug use, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and several rare metabolic disorders.