RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Emphysema in nonsmokers: Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes
JF Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
JO Cleve Clin J Med
FD Cleveland Clinic
SP 928
OP 946
VO 69
IS 12
A1 Lee, Pyng
A1 Gildea, Thomas R.
A1 Stoller, James K.
YR 2002
UL http://www.ccjm.org/content/69/12/928.abstract
AB Nonsmokers with signs of emphysema at an earlier age than is typical for emphysema deserve a workup for one of the less common causes of emphysema, which include alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, connective tissue diseases, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, intravenous drug use, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and several rare metabolic disorders.