PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Soffer, Edy E.
TI  - Constipation: An approach to diagnosis, treatment, referral
DP  - 1999 Jan 01
TA  - Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
PG  - 41--46
VI  - 66
IP  - 1
4099  - http://www.ccjm.org/content/66/1/41.short
4100  - http://www.ccjm.org/content/66/1/41.full
SO  - Cleve Clin J Med1999 Jan 01; 66
AB  - When a patient reports constipation, a careful history and physical examination may identify the underlying cause. In many patients, though, no underlying cause is identified. Empiric treatment with exercise, hydration, fiber supplementation, and mild laxatives is often effective. If constipation does not resolve with these measures, then the physician may refer the patient for further testing for slow colonic transit, pelvic floor dysfunction, or anatomical defects, and in difficult and recalcitrant cases for surgical treatment.