Risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients on biologic therapy for rheumatic disease
| Clinical risk factors Age > 655,21,22 Preexisting pulmonary disease9,21,22 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis4,19 Microscopic polyangiitis4 Polyarteritis nodosa19 Inflammatory myopathy19 Systemic lupus erythematosus19 |
| Laboratory testing indicators Lymphopenia (< 500 cells/mm3)5,18 Low CD4 count (< 200 cells/mm3)5,18 Low immunoglobulin G level9 |
| Pharmacologic risk factors Concomitant chronic glucocorticoid therapy3–6,9,17,21,28 (≥ 15 mg/day of prednisone for 4 weeks or longer)4,5 Concomitant therapy with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug or cytotoxic agent5,7,9,22 |