TABLE 2

Common shock etiologies and differentiation strategies

Type of shock	Etiologies	Extremities	Cardiac output	Mixed venous O₂	LV systolic function	RV size/function
Distributive	Sepsis Cytokine storm^{^a} Medication-related vasoplegia Anaphylaxis Neurogenic	Warm (sometimes cold)	Normal or high	Normal or high	Normal or high	Normal
Cardiogenic	Pre-existing heart disease Acute myocardial ischemia Cardiomyopathy Acute myocarditis	Cold	Low	Low	Low	Normal or dilated/reduced function
	Acute valvular disease	Cold	Low	Low	Normal or hyperdynamic	Variable
	Right ventricle failure^{^a}	Cold	Low	Low	Normal or hyperdynamic	Dilated/reduced function
Obstructive	Pulmonary embolism^{^a}	Cold	Low	Low	Normal or hyperdynamic	Dilated/reduced function
Obstructive	Dynamic hyperinflation (auto-PEEP) Pericardial tamponade Abdominal compartment syndrome Pneumothorax^{^a}	Cold	Low	Low	Normal or hyperdynamic	Normal
Hypovolemic	Volume depletion Hemorrhage	Cold	Low	Low	Normal or hyperdynamic	Normal