TABLE 2

Causes of chronic pain associated with cancer treatment

Chemotherapy
Peripheral neuropathy (with agents such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, thalidomide, and bortezomib)
Osteonecrosis secondary to concurrent steroid use
Radiation therapy
Connective-tissue fibrosis
Neural damage (such as brachial plexopathy, myelopathy)
Pain from secondary malignancies
Enteritis
Proctitis
Cystitis
Vaginal dryness or atrophy
Surgery
Mastectomy (may be due to phantom breast pain, intercostobrachial neuralgia, neuroma or nerve injury)
Amputation or phantom limb pain
Thoracotomy
Head and neck surgery (eg, neck dissection)