Autoantibody biomarkers of autoimmune encephalitis: Intracellular autoantibodies
| ANTIBODY TARGET | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FEATURES | PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FEATURES | OTHER | ASSOCIATED MALIGNANCY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-risk paraneoplastic autoantibodies | ||||
| ANNA-1 (Hu) | Limbic encephalitis Encephalomyelitis Cerebellar ataxia | Sensory neuropathy | Gastrointestinal dysmotility | SCLC Rare: neuroblastoma |
| ANNA-2 (Ri) | Encephalomyelitis Cerebellar ataxia Rhombencephalitis | Jaw dystonia Laryngospasm | SCLC Breast carcinoma | |
| ANNA-3 | Limbic encephalitis Encephalomyelitis Cerebellar degeneration | Sensory and sensorimotor neuropathies | SCLC | |
| Amphiphysin | Stiff-person spectrum disorder | SCLC Breast or ovarian carcinoma | ||
| CRMP-5 | Limbic encephalitis Cerebellar ataxia Chorea Myelopathy Cranial neuropathies (optic neuritis) | Polyradiculoneuropathy | SCLC Thymoma carcinoma | |
| GAD65 | Stiff-person spectrum disorder Limbic encephalitis Cerebellar ataxia | Rare | ||
| GFAP | Meningoencephalitis Myelitis Optic neuritis | Ovarian teratoma Adenocarcinomas of various sites | ||
| PCA-1 (Yo) | Cerebellar ataxia | Breast or ovarian carcinoma | ||
| PCA-2 | Limbic encephalitis Cerebellar ataxia | Polyneuropathy | SCLC | |
| PCA-Tr (DNER) | Limbic encephalitis Cerebellar ataxia | Hodgkin lymphoma | ||
| Ma 1 and | Diencephalitis | Ma1: Common, diverse | ||
| Ma 2 (Ta) | Limbic encephalitis Brain stem encephalitis Cerebellar degeneration | Ma2: Testicular seminoma | ||
ANNA = antineuronal nuclear antibody; CRMP-5 = collapsin response mediator protein 5; DNER = delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor; GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase; GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein; PCA = Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody; SCLC = small-cell lung cancer