Clinical features of chronic venous outflow obstruction
| Swelling affecting the whole leg, including the pelvis, groin, and hip |
| Venous claudication, often described as pain and heaviness of the whole leg that may be associated with shortness of breath and tiredness on walking due to reduced venous return |
| Persistent features of chronic venous insufficiency such as nonhealing venous ulcers despite adequate treatment, or absence of superficial and deep venous incompetence |
| History of venous thromboembolism, central venous catheterization, abdominal or pelvic surgery, and recreational intravenous drug use |
| The presence of dilated collateral veins in the groin, genitalia, abdomen, and pelvis |