Benefits |
Higher hemoglobin levels18 |
Decreased blood transfusion needs29 |
Better quality of life23,30–32 |
Reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy33 |
Risks |
Cardiovascular events21,24 |
Malignancy-associated mortality24 |
Thromboembolic events21,24 |
Hypertension21–24 |
Hemodialysis vascular-access thrombosis21 |