Clinical manifestations of digoxin toxicity
Cardiac |
Tachyarrhythmias |
Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia |
Ventricular tachycardia |
Ventricular fibrillation |
Atrial fibrillation |
Supraventricular tachycardia |
Bradyarrhythmias |
Sinus bradycardia |
Atrioventricular block |
Asystole |
Increased ectopy |
Atrial ectopy |
Ventricular ectopy |
Ventricular bigeminy |
Gastrointestinal |
Nausea |
Vomiting |
Abdominal pain |
Mesenteric ischemia and diarrhea (rare) |
Central nervous system |
Color perception disturbances (xanthochromia) |
Visual disturbances (halos) |
Headaches |
Confusion |
Apathy |
Electrolyte abnormalities |
Hyperkalemia |
Constitutional |
Fatigue |
Anorexia |
Based on information from references 15,19,20,22,23.