TABLE 1

Viral causes of common respiratory syndromes

VirusStrength of association with clinical syndrome
Common coldCroupBronchiolitisInfluenza-like illnessPneumonia
Influenza A or BModerateWeakWeakStrongStrong
Respiratory syncytial virusModerateModerateStrongModerateStrong
SARS-CoV-2ModerateWeakNegligibleStrongStrong
Seasonal coronavirusesaModerateWeakWeakWeakWeak
RhinovirusStrongWeakNegligibleWeakModerate
Human metapneumovirusModerateWeakStrongWeakModerate
Parainfluenza viruses 1–4ModerateStrongModerateWeakModerate
AdenovirusesModerateWeakNegligibleModerateStrong
  • aCoronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL64, or OC43

  • Data from references 46