Risk factors for acute kidney injury in surgical patients
| Cardiac surgery | Noncardiac surgery |
|---|---|
| Patient factors | |
| Age > 75 | Age ≥ 59 |
| Chronic kidney disease | Body mass index ≥ 32 kg/m2 |
| Diabetes mellitus (type 1 > type 2) | Peripheral vascular occlusive disease |
| Anemia | Hepatic disease, especially chronic kidney disease |
| Congestive heart failure | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Left ventricular dysfunction | African American race |
| Pulse pressure > 40 mm Hg | Hypertension |
| Prior myocardial infarction | Diabetes |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (but evidence conflicting) | |
| Surgical factors | |
| Urgent surgery | Emergency surgery |
| Duration of procedure | High-risk surgery (intrathoracic, intraperitoneal, suprainguinal vascular, with potential for large blood loss or large fluid shifts) |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass > 2 hours | |
| Intra-aortic balloon pump use | Total vasopressor dose |
| Multiple inotrope usec | Vasopressor infusion |
| Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (vs on-pump) | Diuretic administration |
Adapted from information in references 7, 15, 17, 23–27, 30–32, 34.