Clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia
General |
Fatigue |
Diaphoresis |
Neuromuscular |
Acral paresthesia |
Perioral numbness |
Muscle cramps and myalgias |
Tonic muscle contractions |
Carpopedal spasm (Trousseau sign) |
Chvostek sign |
Seizures |
Respiratory |
Bronchospasm |
Laryngospasm |
Ocular |
Papilledema |
Optic neuritis (rare) |
Cardiovascular |
Hypotension |
Hypocontractility, heart failure |
Ventricular tachycardia due to prolonged QT interval |
Heart block, conduction abnormalities |
Insensitivity to digitalis |
Psychiatric |
Anxiety, irritability |
Depression |
Confusion |
Emotional instability |
Hallucinations (rare) |
Psychosis (rare) |
Gastrointestinal |
Anorexia |
Abdominal cramps |
Biliary colic |
Gastric achlorhydria |
Steatorrhea |
Blood |
Decreased prothrombin (impaired coagulation) |