TABLE 3

Clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia

General
Fatigue
Diaphoresis
Neuromuscular
Acral paresthesia
Perioral numbness
Muscle cramps and myalgias
Tonic muscle contractions
Carpopedal spasm (Trousseau sign)
Chvostek sign
Seizures
Respiratory
Bronchospasm
Laryngospasm
Ocular
Papilledema
Optic neuritis (rare)
Cardiovascular
Hypotension
Hypocontractility, heart failure
Ventricular tachycardia due to prolonged QT interval
Heart block, conduction abnormalities
Insensitivity to digitalis
Psychiatric
Anxiety, irritability
Depression
Confusion
Emotional instability
Hallucinations (rare)
Psychosis (rare)
Gastrointestinal
Anorexia
Abdominal cramps
Biliary colic
Gastric achlorhydria
Steatorrhea
Blood
Decreased prothrombin (impaired coagulation)