Common causes of postoperative delirium
| Autoimmune, inflammatory | Hematologic | Pulmonary |
|---|---|---|
| Infection (isolated, sepsis) | Hemolytic uremic syndrome | Hypoxia |
| Encephalitis | Porphyria | Hypercarbia |
| Meningitis | Anemia | Pneumonia |
| Cerebral abscess | Neurologic | Renal |
| Hyperthermia | Seizure | Urinary tract infection |
| Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism | Dementia | Acid-base disorder |
| Cardiovascular | Stroke | Renal failure |
| Hypertension | Sleep deprivation | Bladder obstruction |
| Myocardial infarction | Neoplasm | |
| Arrhythmia | Traumatic brain injury | |
| Shock, hypoperfusion | Mitochondrial dysfunction | |
| Electrolyte imbalance | Pharmacologic causes | |
| Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia | Polypharmacy | |
| Hyponatremia | Withdrawal | |
| Dehydration | Alcohol | |
| Hypocalcemia | Stimulants, eg, amphetamine | |
| Hypomagnesemia, hypermagnesemia | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | Benzodiazepines | |
| Thiamine deficiency | Cephalosporins (third-generation) | |
| Gastroenterologic, hepatic | Diphenhydramine | |
| Liver injury, cirrhosis | Antidepressants | |
| P450 alteration | Barbiturates | |
| Fecal impaction | Atropine Heavy metals Indomethacin Opiates |