Preventing COPD exacerbations
| Inhaled therapy Long-acting beta-2 agonist + inhaled corticosteroid Long-acting antimuscarinic agent Long-acting antimuscarinic agent + long-acting beta-2 agonist |
| Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors Roflumilast |
| Mucolytics N-acetylcysteine 600 mg oral twice daily Carbocysteine (not available in United States) |
| Antibiotics Azithromycin 250 mg daily or 500 mg 3 times weekly |
| Pulmonary rehabilitation |
| Vaccinations Influenza Pneumococcal |
| Smoking cessation Seize the opportunity! |