Neuromodulators to treat functional esophageal disorders
| Tricyclic antidepressants (in descending order of efficacy and descending order of anticholinergic effects) Imipramine Amitriptyline Desipramine Nortriptyline |
| Dosing: Start at 10 mg every night at bedtime; increase by 10 mg every 2–4 weeks |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Citalopram Fluoxetine Sertraline |
| Dosing: Start at lowest dose; increase after 4–6 weeks |
| Trazodone |
| Dosing: Start at 50 mg every night at bedtime; increase by 50 mg every 2–4 weeks |
| Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Venlafaxine Duloxetine |
| Dosing: Start at lowest dose; increase every 4–6 weeks as needed |