Local (pituitary and hypothalamus) |
Congenital |
Kallmann syndrome |
Prader-Willi syndrome |
Idiopathic panhypopituitarism |
Mutations in luteinizing hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone subunits |
Acquired |
Pituitary masses and tumors |
Pituitary destruction (surgery, radiation) |
Pituitary apoplexy |
Head trauma |
Meningitis (especially tuberculosis) |
Infiltrative diseases (eg, hemochromatosis) |
Idiopathic |
Systemic |
Metabolic |
Hyperprolactinemia |
Obesity |
Malnutrition |
Eating disorders (eg, anorexia nervosa) |
Excessive exercise |
Drug- or substance-related |
Glucocorticoids, opioids, estrogens, and progestins |
Androgen withdrawal |
Alcohol and marijuana abuse |
Others |
Acute critical illness (eg, myocardial infarction, surgery) |
Chronic systemic disease (eg, cirrhosis, organ failure, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) |