Benign |
Peptic ulcer disease |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated stricture |
Caustic ingestion |
Postsurgical stricture or scarring |
Acute pancreatitis |
Pancreatic pseudocyst |
Annular pancreas and chronic pancreatitis |
Radiation-induced stricture |
Bezoar or foreign body |
Benign tumor (adenoma, lipoma, stromal tumor, carcinoid) |
Pancreatic heterotopia |
Crohn disease |
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis |
Tuberculosis |
Adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis |
Amyloidosis |
Bouveret syndrome (gallstone) |
Ladd band |
Diaphragmatic hernia |
Gastric volvulus |
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube migration |
Malignant |
Pancreatic cancer, cystic neoplasm |
Gastric cancer |
Gallbladder and bile duct cancer |
Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Ampullary cancer |
Duodenal cancer |
Gastric lymphoma (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) |
Metastatic disease (colon, ovary, breast, lung) |
Retroperitoneal sarcoma |
Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy |
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor |