TABLE 1

Causes of gastric outlet obstruction

Benign
Peptic ulcer disease
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated stricture
Caustic ingestion
Postsurgical stricture or scarring
Acute pancreatitis
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Annular pancreas and chronic pancreatitis
Radiation-induced stricture
Bezoar or foreign body
Benign tumor (adenoma, lipoma, stromal tumor, carcinoid)
Pancreatic heterotopia
Crohn disease
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Tuberculosis
Adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Amyloidosis
Bouveret syndrome (gallstone)
Ladd band
Diaphragmatic hernia
Gastric volvulus
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube migration
Malignant
Pancreatic cancer, cystic neoplasm
Gastric cancer
Gallbladder and bile duct cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Ampullary cancer
Duodenal cancer
Gastric lymphoma (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
Metastatic disease (colon, ovary, breast, lung)
Retroperitoneal sarcoma
Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor