Chemotherapy-Associated Cardiotoxicity: How Often Does it Really Occur and How Can it Be Prevented?
Section snippets
Anthracyclines
Anthracyclines are among the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, with antineoplastic activity against a wide variety of tumors. In particular, they represent a cornerstone of chemotherapy for lymphomas, hematologic malignancies, breast carcinomas, and sarcomas.
Almost since the time that anthracycline use began, the presence of a dose-dependent rate of cardiotoxicity has been recognized.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Early reports examined the levels of clinical cardiotoxicity, usually manifesting as
Anti-HER2 Targeted Therapy: Trastuzumab and Lapatinib
Besides the anthracycline drugs, no other cancer medication has been studied in more detail for left ventricular dysfunction than trastuzumab. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against HER2, an epidermal growth factor receptor family member overexpressed in 20% to 25% of breast cancers.27 HER2 overexpression/amplification connotes a more aggressive tumor with increased rates of metastasis and mortality.27
In addition to its role in breast cancer, HER2 is an important growth factor receptor in
Preventing cardiotoxicity with coadministration of cardiac medications
Standard medical treatment for heart failure uses similar strategies regardless of the underlying cause of the cardiomyopathy. Although older treatments (digoxin, diuretics) were focused on treating the symptoms of heart failure, therapy over the past 3 decades has increasingly focused on neurohormonal antagonism (eg, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACE-Is], angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARBs], aldosterone antagonists).6 The neurohormonal antagonist strategy focuses on
Definitions of left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure
Much of the confusion regarding how to classify cardiotoxicity manifesting as either asymptomatic drops in LVEF or as symptomatic heart failure is attributable to internal confusion in the consensus criteria. In the current “Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0,” the same toxicity is listed under three separate headings, and the definition contradicts each another.54 For example, an individual who experienced an asymptomatic treatment-emergent drop in LVEF from 60%
Summary
With the tremendous growth in effective antineoplastic agents, a concomitant concerning increase has occurred in off-target side effects. Cardiotoxicity, and specifically left ventricular dysfunction, remains the limiting factor for many of these agents, and is the focus of growing research and clinical emphasis.
Ultimately winning the battle to allow patients to safely receive indicated doses of increasingly effective anti-neoplastic therapies will require the following conditions:
- 1.
Consistent
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Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging, targeting and treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the brain
2020, Journal of Controlled ReleaseCitation Excerpt :The most important limitations that prevent the successful use of chemotherapy are the intolerable side effects (high toxicity of drugs due to systemic distribution) imposed on patients [16] and delivery of drugs. The recommended high doses of radiotherapy are harmful for the healthy brain tissue around the tumor [17,18]. At this stage of treatment, the risk of relapse is unfortunately inevitable.
Protective effects of acute exercise prior to doxorubicin on cardiac function of breast cancer patients: A proof-of-concept RCT
2017, International Journal of CardiologyCitation Excerpt :The anthracycline chemotherapy agents doxorubicin and epirubicin are a cornerstone for treatment of early and advanced breast cancer, but are unfortunately associated with a dose-dependent cardiotoxicity [1]. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity is theorized to begin with an acute subclinical cardiac injury [1], as evidenced by changes in endomyocardial biopsy morphologic grade, elevation of circulating cardiac troponins or natriuretic peptides, and impairments in left ventricular (LV) longitudinal strain occurring early in treatment [2–4]. When this acute injury occurs repeatedly, as with multiple treatments, or in the presence of other risk factors (e.g. advanced age, diabetes), it may result in adverse LV remodeling [1].
Cardiac testing to manage cardiovascular risk in cancer patients
2013, Seminars in OncologyCitation Excerpt :As such, we believe it is prudent to monitor more frequently than initially proposed. Our institution has published recommendations for the monitoring of LVEF in patients receiving anthracyclines (Table 1).14 Recently, interest has developed in the recognition of myocardial damage before the onset of irreversible LV systolic dysfunction.
Curing breast cancer and killing the heart: A novel model to explain elevated cardiovascular disease and mortality risk among women with early stage breast cancer
2019, Progress in Cardiovascular DiseasesCitation Excerpt :Subclinical cardiotoxicity can be defined as an asymptomatic drop in LV ejection fraction of >10 percentage points, elevated circulating cardiac biomarkers, or deterioration in LV longitudinal strain.41,42 Incidence of subclinical cardiotoxicity is much higher and likely leaves individuals more susceptible to future challenges to the CV system, including subsequent cancer treatments.43 The mechanisms for anthracycline-related CV toxicity are likely multifactorial with summative effects and feedback from diverse processes.
Cardiac morbidity & mortality in patients with breast cancer: A review
2021, Indian Journal of Medical Research