Systematic reviews and meta-analysesCauses of reversible nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: A systematic review
Section snippets
Research questions
The primary questions of this review are: (1) Which putative factors have been associated with reversible NDI? (2) How accurate was the diagnosis of reversible NDI? (3) Was the association between the factor and reversible NDI causal?
Finding relevant studies
Two reviewers independently searched for relevant articles in MEDLINE (OVID, 1966 to May 2004), Experta Medica (EMBASE, 1980 to May 2004), and ISI (1990 to May 2004) bibliographic databases. Any article considered potentially relevant by any reviewer was retrieved
Study selection
More than 2,000 abstracts were screened, and 354 potentially relevant full-text articles were retrieved. Forty-nine studies published in other languages were included (ie, Italian, German, Spanish, Japanese, Hungarian, Dutch, Finnish, French, and Romanian). One hundred fifty-five reports met inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. They included 110 case reports, 29 cohort studies, and 16 cross-sectional studies. The most frequently reported risk factor was lithium (84
Discussion
Acquired NDI represents a urinary concentration defect of renal origin believed to be reversible with correction or removal of the causative agent. Its severity tends to be judged in conjunction with the severity of the underlying disease and the extension of the renal damage. A recent attempt to better define it has made the distinction between a “narrow definition” of NDI, for which only the permeability of the collecting duct is affected by drugs or metabolic disturbances, and a “broad
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