The biochemical and biological characteristics of CRM 197 are reviewed. Polysaccharide
protein conjugate vaccines represent an important technological advancement that allowed for …

Meningococcal disease is a serious medical condition that can prove fatal within hours in
otherwise healthy individuals. Disease incidence is highest in infants, yet there is no broadly …

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is one of the most important flavivirus infections of the
central nervous system in Europe and Russia, with 12,000 estimated human cases per year. At …

The development of vaccines against polysaccharide-encapsulated pathogens (eg
Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococci, meningococci) is challenging because …

In Europe, two tick species of the genus Dermacentor occur, Dermacentor marginatus and
Dermacentor reticulatus. When the spatial distribution of both species in Germany was …

After more than 60 years, the conventional production of influenza vaccines employing
fertilized chicken eggs has reached its limits – both in terms of temporal flexibility and vaccine …

While the number of vector-borne diseases and their incidence in Europe is much less than
in tropical and/or developing countries, there are nevertheless a substantial number of such …

Neisseria meningitidis or meningococcus is divided into 12 distinct serogroups of which A, B,
C, W, X, and Y are medically most important and cause health problems in different parts of …

The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease varies geographically and in time
and the risk of acquiring the disease varies regionally, as well as with living conditions and …

Various glycoprotein conjugate vaccines have been developed for the prevention of invasive
meningococcal disease, having significant advantages over pure polysaccharide vaccines. …