A 37-year-old woman with a 3-month history of disorientation and depression was admitted to the infectious disease unit. In addition, she had had multiple painless exophytic lesions on the face, abdomen, and genital area for the past 3 years.
Physical examination revealed multiple waxy lesions, which were skin-colored dome-shaped papules with an umbilicated top, with diameters of 2 to 10 mm (Figure 1).
The patient had multiple lesions on the face, abdomen, and genital area.
Skin biopsy study (Figure 2) showed lobulated endophytic hyperplasia with an intradermal pseudotumor (Henderson-Paterson bodies). Dimorphic fungal infection with Cryptococcus species was excluded. A final diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum was made based on the clinical appearance of the lesions and the histologic findings.
Histologic study of a lesion showed Henderson-Paterson bodies (arrows), confirming molluscum contagiosum virus infection (hematoxylin and eosin, × 100).
The patient was known to be positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to have discontinued medications and follow-up visits in 2011. She was severely immunodepressed, at stage C3 (the worst stage) in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification. Her CD4 cell count was 26 × 106/L (reference range 533–1,674) and 11% (34%–61%); her viral load was 252,085 copies/mm3.
Subsequently, she was diagnosed with HIV-related encephalopathy and disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Highly active antiretoroviral therapy (HAART) and tuberculosis treatment were started.
LINKED TO IMMUNOCOMPROMISE
Molluscum contagiosum virus is an important human skin pathogen. Transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, it can cause disfigurement and suffering in affected patients. It often affects children, but abundant or atypical lesions in an adult usually indicate underlying immunodeficiency1 and are usually related to impaired cell-mediated immunity.2
In the mid-1980s, atypical molluscum contagiosum was recognized as a feature of HIV infection,3 but with widespread use of HAART, lesions are now less frequently observed in Western countries. Cases of molluscum contagiosum have also been reported in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs such as methrotrexate and tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors.4 A high burden of lesions such as our patient had is uncommon.
Optimal treatment in HIV patients is restoration of immunologic competence with HAART. Adjunctive treatment with surgical excision, curettage, cryotherapy, and various chemical removal methods can also be applied.4,5 Severe infection secondary to iatrogenic immunosuppression may be resistant to standard therapy, and when the condition does not respond to combination treatment, withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapies may be necessary.4
The bottom line. Molluscum contagiosum is less frequently seen in the HAART era; however, when present it usually indicates a high level of immunosuppression. Clinicians need to keep the relation in mind.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank Dr. Isabel Faro Viana for the histologic image.
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