A 57-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for progressive hypoxic respiratory failure that developed after 10 days of empiric treatment at another hospital for an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Computed tomography (CT) showed a lesion in the upper lobe of the left lung, with new ground-glass opacities with cystic and cavitary changes raising concern for an inflammatory or infectious cause (Figure 1). Respiratory culture of expectorated secretions grew Aspergillus. Assays for beta-d-glucan and serum Aspergillus immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were positive, although given the improvement in her oxygenation requirements and overall clinical status, these were thought to be trivial. Tests for immunoglobulin deficiencies and human immunodeficiency virus were negative, ruling out primary immunodeficiency. However, within the next 48 hours, her respiratory status declined, and voriconazole was started out of concern for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis based on results of serum IgG testing.
Computed tomography of the lungs showed a cystic lesion in the left upper lobe (arrow), with diffuse ground-glass opacities throughout.
Despite 2 days of treatment with voriconazole, the patient developed respiratory failure. Repeat CT showed that the ground-glass opacities were more dense, especially in the lower lobes, and new patchy infiltrates were noted in the left lung. The patient developed a right tension pneumothorax requiring emergency intubation and chest tube insertion.1 She subsequently developed acute abdominal pain with worsening abdominal distention, diagnosed as pneumoperitoneum. Emergency exploratory laparotomy revealed perforations in the cecum with fecal spillage, requiring ileo cecectomy and ileostomy.
Pathologic study of bowel specimens confirmed fungal hyphae with “tree-branch” structures consistent with fungal infection in the bowel (Figure 2).
Study of a bowel specimen showed the typical “tree-branch” structures (arrows) of fungal hyphae (hematoxylin and eosin, × 600).
Oral voriconazole was continued. The patient’s respiratory status improved, and she no longer required supplemental oxygen. She was discharged on a regimen of oral voriconazole 200 mg twice daily. However, over the next 12 months, she had additional hospitalizations for severe sepsis from abdominal wound infections, pneumonia, and Clostridium difficile infection. She will require lifelong antifungal treatment.
INVASIVE PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is the most severe form of aspergillosis and is most often seen in immunocompromised patients. The death rate is as high as 50% in neutropenic patients regardless of the time to diagnosis or effective treatment.2 It becomes life-threatening as the infection enters the blood stream, leading to formation of thrombi and precipitating embolism and necrosis in the lungs.3
In immunocompetent patients, COPD, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, liver disease, severe sepsis, and diabetes mellitus predispose to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.2 Other risk factors include long-term steroid therapy at doses equivalent to prednisone 20 mg/day for at least 13 weeks4 and viral infection such as influenza.5 Chronic use of inhaled corticosteroids has been hypothesized to increase risk.4
Histopathologic confirmation of fungal elements is the gold standard for diagnosis.3 New biomarkers such as beta-D-glucan have shown promise in enabling earlier diagnosis to allow effective treatment of disseminated aspergillosis, as in our patient.6
TAKE-HOME MESSAGE
Although not common, invasive aspergillosis can occur in immunocompetent and near-immunocompetent patients, particularly those with COPD or other underlying lung disease.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank Kimberley Woodward, MD, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, for her study of the bowel specimen and for providing the histology slide.
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