Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Relevant lung ultrasound findings in patients with COVID-19 infection. A: An “A pattern” as shown here may be present in multiple lung zones in patients with COVID-19; this may be referred to as a “spared area.” B: Pleural irregularity and B lines; in early COVID-19 infection, B lines appear from areas of pleural irregularity or subpleural consolidation. C: Subpleural consolidation, as characterized by an irregular, typically hypoechoic area just beneath the pleura, often with B lines deep or adjacent to it. D: B lines become progressively more frequent and confluent as the extent of interstitial edema progresses; this appearance is similar to that of acute respiratory distress syndrome of any cause. E: Large basilar consolidation, with air bronchograms, and a subpulmonic effusion. F: Large pleural effusion; this is not typical of COVID-19 infection in isolation.
- Figure 2
A: Venous compression study at the common femoral vein. The vein appears circular and anechoic in the upper image.
It collapses completely with compression in the lower image. This maneuver rules out clot at this site. The arrow indicates the common femoral vein. B: Intra-luminal echogenic material is seen in the vein at the femoral saphenous junction. The arrow indicates the echogenic clot in the vein. When an obvious thrombus is visible, compression should not be performed due to the theoretical risk of provoking clot embolization.
- Figure 3
Guidance for use of ultrasound machines for patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19.
- Figure 4
The DLETE COVID-19 point-of-care ultrasound protocol. The examination for deep vein thrombosis is performed with the linear probe, and lung and cardiac exams are performed with the phased array probe.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Sonographic findings in pulmonary edema, COVID-19 viral pneumonia, and bacterial pneumonia
Pulmonary Edema COVID-19 (viral pneumonia) Bacterial pneumonia Cardiogenic pulmonary edema Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (A ROS) Severe lung involvement Mild-moderate lung involvement Non-lobar pneumonias Lobar pneumonia B lines Diffuse Dependent distribution Diffuse Maybe confluent Diffuse May be confluent Focal, derived from areas of irregular pleura Variable (Focal, multifocal, or diffuse) Adjacent to consolidations Spared areas Absent Present Present Present Present Present Pleura Smooth Irregular Irregular Irregular Irregular Irregular Pleural sliding Normal Reduced Reduced Reduced Reduced Reduced Subpleural consolidations Not seen* Present Present Present Maybe present Maybe present Large consolidations Not seen* Present, typically dependent Present, typically dependent Not seen* Not seen Lobar, with air bronchograms Moderate-large pleural effusion Often present Infrequent. Small pleural effusions maybe present Infrequent Small pleural effusions may be present Not seen* Not seen Maybe present. Laterality Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Unilateral Unilateral ↵* If seen, a superimposed process should be considered.
