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Severe structural or coronary artery disease Heart failure Previous myocardial infarction Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction Clinical or electrocardiographic signs of arrhythmic syncope Syncope during exertion or when supine Palpitations at time of syncope Family history of sudden cardiac death Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia Bifascicular block or intraventricular conduction abnormality with QRS complex > 120 seconds Inadequate sinus bradycardia or sinoatrial block Pre-excited QRS Prolonged or short QT interval Right bundle branch block with Brugada pattern (ST-segment elevation in V1 –V3) Negative T waves in precordial leads, epsilon wave, and ventricular late potentials suggestive of arrhyth mogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy