Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Ahead of Print
    • Past Issues
    • Supplements
    • Article Type
  • Specialty
    • Articles by Specialty
  • CME/MOC
    • Articles
    • Calendar
  • Info For
    • Manuscript Submission
    • Authors & Reviewers
    • Subscriptions
    • About CCJM
    • Contact Us
    • Media Kit
  • Conversations with Leaders
  • Conference Coverage
    • Kidney Week 2024
    • CHEST 2024
    • ACR Convergence 2023
    • Kidney Week 2023
    • ObesityWeek 2023
    • IDWeek 2023
    • CHEST 2023
    • MDS 2023
    • IAS 2023
    • ACP 2023
    • AAN 2023
    • ACC / WCC 2023
    • AAAAI Meeting 2023
    • ACR Convergence 2022
    • Kidney Week 2022
    • AIDS 2022
  • Other Publications
    • www.clevelandclinic.org

User menu

  • Register
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
  • Other Publications
    • www.clevelandclinic.org
  • Register
  • Log in
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Ahead of Print
    • Past Issues
    • Supplements
    • Article Type
  • Specialty
    • Articles by Specialty
  • CME/MOC
    • Articles
    • Calendar
  • Info For
    • Manuscript Submission
    • Authors & Reviewers
    • Subscriptions
    • About CCJM
    • Contact Us
    • Media Kit
  • Conversations with Leaders
  • Conference Coverage
    • Kidney Week 2024
    • CHEST 2024
    • ACR Convergence 2023
    • Kidney Week 2023
    • ObesityWeek 2023
    • IDWeek 2023
    • CHEST 2023
    • MDS 2023
    • IAS 2023
    • ACP 2023
    • AAN 2023
    • ACC / WCC 2023
    • AAAAI Meeting 2023
    • ACR Convergence 2022
    • Kidney Week 2022
    • AIDS 2022
Review

The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing type 2 diabetes

Noura Nachawi, MD, Pratibha PR Rao, MD, MPH and Vinni Makin, MBBS, MD, FACE
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine August 2022, 89 (8) 457-464; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.89a.21110
Noura Nachawi
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Pratibha PR Rao
Quality Improvement Officer, Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Clinical Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Find this author on Cleveland Clinic
Vinni Makin
Director, East Region, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
  • Find this author on Cleveland Clinic
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & Data

Tables

    • View popup
    TABLE 1

    Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists approved for use in the United States

    DrugAvailable dosesFrequency and routeDose approved for weight management
    Exenatide5 μg, 10 μgTwice daily subcutaneouslyNot approved
    Liraglutide0.6 mg, 1.2 mg, 1.8 mgOnce daily subcutaneously0.6 mg once daily for 1 week, increase by 0.6 mg daily at weekly intervals to a target dose of 3 mg once daily
    Exenatide extended-release2 mgOnce weekly subcutaneouslyNot approved
    Dulaglutide0.75 mg, 1.5 mg, 3 mg, 4.5 mgOnce weekly subcutaneouslyNot approved
    Semaglutide0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mgOnce weeklyTitrate every 4 weeks: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 1.7 mg, 2.4 mg once weekly
    Semaglutide, oral3 mg, 7 mg, 14 mgOnce daily by mouthNot approved
    Liraglutideinsulin degludec0.36 mg-10 U 0.5 mg-16 UOnce daily subcutaneouslyNot approved
    Lixisenatideinsulin glargine5 μg-15 U 10 μg-30 UOnce daily subcutaneouslyNot approved
    Tirzepatide2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mgOnce weekly subcutaneouslyNot approved
    • View popup
    TABLE 2

    Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonistson major adverse cardiovascular events in clinical trials

    TrialNumber of patientsMedian follow-upCardiovascular disease at baselineaTreatmentNumber needed to treatb
    REWIND159,9015.4 years31.5%Dulaglutide 1.5 mg subcutaneously weekly323
    SUSTAIN-6163,2972.1 years2.1 years 60.5%Semaglutide 0.5 or 1 mg subcutaneously weekly83
    LEADER179,3403.8 years81.3%Liraglutide 1.6 mg subcutaneously daily200
    ELIXA186,0682.1 years100%Lixisenatide 10 or 20 μg subcutaneously dailyNo benefit
    EXSCEL1914,7523.2 years70%Exenatide extended-release 2 mg subcutaneously weeklyNo benefit
    PIONEER-6213,1831.3 years85%Semaglutide 14 mg by mouth dailyNo benefit
    • ↵a All patients had longstanding type 2 diabetes and also either had a history of cardiovascular disease or were at risk of it.

    • ↵b Number of patients needed to be treated for 1 year to prevent 1 major adverse cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes, plus, in the ELIXA trial, hospitalization for heart failure), calculated as the inverse of the absolute risk reduction.

    • ELIXA = Lixisenatide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome; EXSCEL = Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes; LEADER = Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results; PIONEER-6 = Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes; REWIND = Researching Cardiovascular Events With a Weekly Incretin in Diabetes; SUSTAIN-6 = Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine: 89 (8)
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
Vol. 89, Issue 8
1 Aug 2022
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Complete Issue (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing type 2 diabetes
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing type 2 diabetes
Noura Nachawi, Pratibha PR Rao, Vinni Makin
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Aug 2022, 89 (8) 457-464; DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.89a.21110

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing type 2 diabetes
Noura Nachawi, Pratibha PR Rao, Vinni Makin
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Aug 2022, 89 (8) 457-464; DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.89a.21110
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Linkedin Share Button

Jump to section

  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • HOW THE GUT TALKS TO THE PANCREAS
    • LONG-ACTING AGENTS LOWER HEMOGLOBIN A1c ABOUT 1%
    • PROTECTING THE HEART AND BRAIN
    • PROTECTING THE KIDNEYS
    • EFFECT ON WEIGHT
    • ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS
    • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • REVIEW OF THE GUIDELINES
    • THE BOTTOM LINE
    • DISCLOSURES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing type 2 diabetes
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Alpha-gal syndrome: Recognizing and managing a tick-bite–related meat allergy
  • Managing right ventricular failure in the setting of pulmonary embolism
  • Psychedelics, spirituality, and existential distress in patients at the end of life
Show more Review

Similar Articles

Subjects

  • Diabetes
  • Endocrinology

Navigate

  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues
  • Supplements
  • Article Type
  • Specialty
  • CME/MOC Articles
  • CME/MOC Calendar
  • Media Kit

Authors & Reviewers

  • Manuscript Submission
  • Authors & Reviewers
  • Subscriptions
  • About CCJM
  • Contact Us
  • Cleveland Clinic Center for Continuing Education
  • Consult QD

Share your suggestions!

Copyright © 2025 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. All rights reserved. The information provided is for educational purposes only. Use of this website is subject to the website terms of use and privacy policy. 

Powered by HighWire