Review

Hoarseness: When to observe and when to refer

Ellen L. Ferraro, MD, Rebecca Chota Nelson, MD and Paul C. Bryson, MD, MBA
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine August 2023, 90 (8) 475-481; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.90a.23010

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Flexible laryngoscopy is a routine otolaryngologic procedure typically performed in the office for visualization of the larynx, to aid in diagnosis and guide treatment.

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    The vocal folds sit approximately midway between the inferior thyroid cartilage margin and the laryngeal prominence or “Adam’s apple.”

  • Figure 3
    Figure 3

    The true vocal folds generally protect the airway and modulate airflow and acoustics, and their highly sophisticated anatomic structure impacts phonation. Although many people refer to the true vocal folds as vocal cords, they are anatomically not a cord.

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