Cervical cancer in African American women: Optimizing prevention to reduce disparities

PRIORITIZING CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING

Even in patients who have access to regular primary care, other barriers to cancer screening may exist. A 2014 study used self-reported data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey to assess barriers to cervical cancer screening in older women (ages 40 to 65) who reported having health insurance and a personal healthcare provider.⁵ Those who were never or rarely screened for cervical cancer were more likely than those who were regularly screened to have a chronic condition, such as heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, depression, kidney disease, or diabetes.

This finding suggests that cancer screening may be a low priority during an adult primary care visit in which multiple chronic diseases must be addressed. To reduce disparities in cancer screening, primary care systems need to be designed to optimize delivery of preventive care and disease management using a team approach.

SYSTEMATIC FOLLOW-UP

Arvizo and Mahdi also discuss the follow-up of abnormal screening Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. While appropriate follow-up is a key factor in the management of cervical dysplasia, follow-up rates vary among African American women. System-level interventions such as the use of an electronic medical record-based tracking system in primary care settings⁶ with established protocols for follow-up may be effective.

But even with such systems in place, patients may face psychosocial barriers (eg, lack of health literacy, distress after receiving an abnormal cervical cytology test result⁷) that prevent them from seeking additional care. To improve follow-up rates, providers must be aware of these barriers and know how to address them through effective communication.

VACCINATION FOR HPV

Finally, the association between human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer makes HPV vaccination a crucial step in cervical cancer prevention. Continued provider education regarding HPV vaccination can improve knowledge about the HPV vaccine,⁸ as well as improve vaccination rates.⁹ The recent approval of a 2-dose vaccine schedule for younger girls¹⁰ may also help improve vaccine series completion rates.

The authors also suggest that primary care providers counsel all patients about risk factors for cervical cancer, including unsafe sex practices and tobacco use.

OPTIMIZING SCREENING AND PREVENTION

I commend the authors for their discussion of cervical cancer disparities and for raising awareness of the important role primary care providers play in reducing these disparities. Improving cervical cancer screening rates and follow-up will require providers and patients to be aware of cervical cancer risk factors. Further, system-level practice interventions will optimize primary care providers’ ability to engage patients in cancer screening conversations and ensure timely follow-up of screening tests.