Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum).
Reprinted from US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lone Star Tick Surveillance. www.cdc.gov/ticks/data-research/facts-stats/lone-star-tick-surveillance.html.
- Figure 2
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data on the geographic distribution of suspected cases of allergy to galactose-alpha-1,3-galac-tose (alpha-gal syndrome) per 1 million population per year in the United States (2017–2022).
Reprinted from reference 4.
- Figure 3
Distribution map of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) in the United States.
Reprinted from US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum). stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/25414.
- Figure 4
Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of presumed allergy to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal syndrome).
Tables
Contain alpha-gal Foods Meat: beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit, goat, buffalo, bison horse Animal viscera: kidney, liver, heart, intestine, lung Gelatin from beef and pork: marshmallow, gummy bears, other gelatin-based items Lard and tallow Cow’s milk and cow’s milk–based items: butter, cheese, yogurt, cream, cream cheese, ice cream Nut milks Medical products Gelatin-containing vaccines: measles, mumps, and rubella; yellow fever; live attenuated zoster Glycerol Magnesium stearate Porcine-sourced heparin Monoclonal antibodies Thrombin Bovine-derived pancreatic enzymes Porcine and bovine heart valves Equine-derived antivenin Personal care products Lanolin Collagen Glycerin Do not contain alpha-gal Meat: chicken, turkey, duck Seafood Fish Eggs Fruits Vegetables Alpha-gal = galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose.
Based on information from references 15 and 24.
Indication Medication and dose Frequent travel Fexofenadine 180 mg daily32
Levocetirizine 5 mg daily in the evening32
Montelukast 10 mg daily in the evening33Predominant gastrointestinal symptoms Oral cromolyn solution 100 to 200 mg, 2 to 4 times daily, 20 to 30 minutes before meals15 Refractory symptoms Omalizumab (dose based on weight and immunoglobulin E levels)31 Severe symptomsa Self-injectable epinephrine3 ↵a Respiratory compromise, hypotension, severe angioedema.
In this issue
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- Article
- ABSTRACT
- WHAT IS ALPHA-GAL SYNDROME?
- HOW TICK BITES CAN INDUCE A MEAT ALLERGY
- RANGE OF SYMPTOMS AND TRIGGERS
- MEDICAL PRODUCTS THAT CONTAIN ALPHA-GAL CAN TRIGGER ALLERGIC REACTIONS
- WHEN TO CONSIDER ALPHA-GAL SYNDROME
- DIAGNOSIS IS A CHALLENGE
- MANAGEMENT OF ALPHA-GAL SYNDROME
- PREVENTING TICK BITES
- ADVICE FOR PATIENTS WITH ALPHA-GAL SYNDROME
- RESEARCH GAPS AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
- TAKE-HOME POINTS
- DISCLOSURES
- REFERENCES
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics
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