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Review

Cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: Risk assessment and management

Elizabeth Ghandakly, MD, JD, Rohit Moudgil, MD, PhD and Katherine Holman, MD
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine March 2025, 92 (3) 159-167; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.92a.24055
Elizabeth Ghandakly
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Rohit Moudgil
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Katherine Holman
Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Clinical Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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    Figure 1

    Mechanisms of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in people living with HIV.

    aTraditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, and older therapies for treating people living with HIV also contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.

    bMarkers of microbial translocation from the gut.

    HIV = human immunodeficiency virus

    Based on information from reference 35.

  • Figure 2
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    Figure 2

    Pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

    Based on information from reference 36.

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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine: 92 (3)
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
Vol. 92, Issue 3
1 Mar 2025
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Cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: Risk assessment and management
Elizabeth Ghandakly, Rohit Moudgil, Katherine Holman
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Mar 2025, 92 (3) 159-167; DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.92a.24055

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Cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: Risk assessment and management
Elizabeth Ghandakly, Rohit Moudgil, Katherine Holman
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Mar 2025, 92 (3) 159-167; DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.92a.24055
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  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • CVD RISK PERSISTS DESPITE VIRAL SUPPRESSION
    • PROPOSED MECHANISMS
    • EARLIER ONSET OF CVD
    • ART AND COMORBIDITIES
    • MANAGEMENT
    • A NOTE ON HEART FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH HIV
    • AREAS FOR FUTURE WORK
    • TAKE-HOME POINTS
    • DISCLOSURES
    • REFERENCES
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