Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Venous eczema associated with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. The condition is worse on the right leg.
- Figure 2
Severe venous ulceration associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Venous ulceration typically occurs in the ankle (gaiter) with surrounding skin changes such as venous eczema (purplish discoloration around the ulcer) and lipodermatosclerosis as well as edema. No clinical feature of the ulcer indicates that chronic venous outflow obstruction (CVOO) is the cause, but the severity of the disease is often worse with CVOO than with superficial venous incompetence, although not exclusive.
- Figure 3
Contrast venography and intravascular ultrasonography of a 44-year-old man with obstructed left iliofemoral vein secondary to postthrombotic syndrome just before and after stenting. (A) Prestenting contrast venography shows complete obstruction of the left iliofemoral vein. The venous return of the left leg is through collateral veins (black arrow). (B) Poststenting contrast venography shows patent left iliofemoral vein following balloon angioplasty and stent placement with disappearance of the collateral veins. (C) Prestenting intravascular ultrasonography of the left common iliac vein shows that the vein (white arrow) is obstructed and compressed by the right common iliac artery (RCIA). (D) Poststenting intravascular ultrasonography of the left common iliac vein (LCIV) at the same level as in C shows the lumen of the vein is patent and maintained by the stent (white arrow). (IVC = inferior vena cava; LCFV = left common femoral vein; LEIV = left external iliac vein)
Tables
- TABLE 1
Evaluating the severity of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS): The Villalta-Prandoni scale
No PTS Mild Moderate Severe Symptoms Pain 0 1 2 3 Cramps 0 1 2 3 Heaviness 0 1 2 3 Paresthesia 0 1 2 3 Pruritus 0 1 2 3 Clinical signs Pretibial edema 0 1 2 3 Skin induration 0 1 2 3 Hyperpigmentation 0 1 2 3 Redness 0 1 2 3 Venous ectasia 0 1 2 3 Pain on calf compression 0 1 2 3 Venous ulcer Absent Present Severity score None < 5 Mild 5-9 Moderate 10-14 Severe > 14, with or without venous ulcer Based on information in reference 8.
Swelling affecting the whole leg, including the pelvis, groin, and hip Venous claudication, often described as pain and heaviness of the whole leg that may be associated with shortness of breath and tiredness on walking due to reduced venous return Persistent features of chronic venous insufficiency such as nonhealing venous ulcers despite adequate treatment, or absence of superficial and deep venous incompetence History of venous thromboembolism, central venous catheterization, abdominal or pelvic surgery, and recreational intravenous drug use The presence of dilated collateral veins in the groin, genitalia, abdomen, and pelvis
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